Although doublestranded (ds) RNA viruses are a rather diverse group, they share general architectural principles and numerous functional features All dsRNA viruses, from the mammalian reoviruses to the bacteriophage φ6, including fungal viruses,The genomic content of viruses can be made of RNA or DNA and can be singlestranded or doublestranded All viruses have genetic material made of nucleic acids You, like all other cellbased life, use DNA as your genetic material Viruses, on the other hand, may use either RNA or DNA, both of which are types of nucleic acidThe virions of doublestranded RNA bacteriophages of the family Cystoviridae possess a triplelayered structure surrounding the trisegmented genome Genomecontaining doubleshelled nucleocapsids are formed by a selfassembly process that can be accomplished in vitro using purified proteins and RNA constituents
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Segmented double-stranded rna viruses structure and molecular biology-Virus Structure The Mumps virus is a singlestranded and enveloped RNA virus The single strand of RNA consists of about 1618 kbp It a member of the Paramyxovirus family, and it is approximately 150 nm to 300 nm in diameter The Mumps virus has a helically symmetrical and tubeshaped nucleocapsid that contains a monopartite, or meaning itThe RNA structures are potential targets for the development of drugs against the virus The results were published on 10 November as 'Breakthrough paper' in the journal Nucleic Acid Research
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Giardia lamblia virus (GLV) is a small, nonenveloped, nonsegmented doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) virus infecting Giardia lamblia, the most common protozoan pathogen of the human intestine and a major agent of waterborne diarrheal disease worldwide GLV (genus Giardiavirus) is a member of family Totiviridae, along with several other groups of protozoal or fungal viruses, including Leishmania RNADifferent types of RNA viruses differ remarkably in virion morphology and components Although all RNA viruses utilize RNA as their genetic material, their RNA genomes are also highly variable in structure and organization, including those segmented or nonsegmented, doublestranded or singlestranded (positive sense, negative sense or ambisense)Viruses do not actually self propel they remain in the matrix and interact with only cells that have the right kind of receptors Viruses can also have a lipid layer that surrounds them, allowing them to be undergo endocytosis and be engulfed into the cell This is a spontaneous process on behalf of the virus
The outer shell of this virus is approximately 80 nm in diameter &The typical generic coronavirus genome is a single strand of RNA, 32 kilobases long, and is the largest known RNA virus genome Coronaviruses have the highest known frequency of recombination of any positivestrand RNA virus, promiscuously combining genetic information from different sources when a host is infected with multiple coronavirusesAccordingly, they are classified as DNA viruses and RNA viruses The nucleic acid may be single or double stranded, circular or linear, segmented or unsegmented DNA viruses As their name implies, DNA viruses use DNA as their genetic material Some common examples of DNA viruses are parvovirus, papillomavirus, and herpesvirus
Group III includes doublestranded RNA viruses while group IV includes positivesense singlestranded RNA viruses Finally, group V includes negativesense ssRNA viruses In addition, retroviruses also have a singlestranded RNA genome, but they transcribe via an intermediate of DNAIMPORTANCE Trichomonas vaginalis viruses (TVVs) are doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses that cohabitate in Trichomonas vaginalis, the causative pathogen of trichomoniasis, the most common nonviral sexually transmitted disease worldwideFeaturing an unsegmented dsRNA genome encoding a single capsid shell protein (CSP), TVVs contrast with multisegmented dsRNA virusesReplication occurs in host cytoplasm and converts ssmRNA to dsgenomic RNA But dsRNA is a kind of molecule that cells do not produce, and eukaryotic hosts have various antiviral systems that detect and inactivate dsRNA To circumvent this defenses, many dsRNA viruses are replicating their RNA inside icosahedral capsids
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The replication of poxvirus is unusual for a virus with doublestranded DNA genome (dsDNA) because it occurs in the cytoplasm, although this is typical of other large DNA viruses Poxvirus encodes its own machinery for genome transcription, a DNA dependent RNA polymerase, which makes replication in the cytoplasm possibleHere we report a unique capsnatching mechanism by which the yeast doublestranded RNA totivirus LA furnishes its transcript with a cap structure derived from mRNA Unlike influenza virus, LA transfers only m 7 Gp from the cap donor to the 5′ end of the viral transcript, thus preserving the 5′ α and βphosphates of the transcript inTrichomonas vaginalis, the causative pathogen for the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection worldwide, is itself frequently infected with one or more of the four types of small doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) Trichomonas vaginalis viruses (TVV1 to 4, genus Trichomonasvirus, family Totiviridae)Each TVV encloses a nonsegmented genome within a singlelayered capsid and
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Structure calculations gave a precisely defined structure, with an average pairwise root mean square deviation (RMSD) of 128 A for the entire molecule, 057 A for the loop region (C8G14), and 046 A for the bulge region (G4G7, C15C17) Base stacking continues for three nucleotides on the 5' side of the loopMessenger RNA (mRNA) consists of a sequence of the nucleotide bases Adenine (A), Cytosine , Guanine (G), and Thymine (T)Unassigned double stranded RNA viruses Doublestranded RNA (Group III) 2 Lettuce BigVein Associated Virus LBVaV Varicosavirus Unassigned Virus Unassigned double stranded RNA viruses Doublestranded RNA (Group III) 1 Grapevine Virus A GVA Vitivirus Betaflexiviridae Tymovirales Singlestranded, positivesense, RNA (Group IV) 4
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For Example Parvo Virus, ?174 Virus RNA Virus RNA Viruses are those Viruses that contain RNA viral Genome RNA Viruses are furtherly subdivided into two classes on the basis of either Single Strand RNA Genome or Double Strand RNA Genome Doublestranded RNA virus These Viruses are such Viruses that contain Double Strand RNA Genome in CapsidRotaviruses are doublestranded RNA viruses constituting a genus within the family Reoviridae The mature virus particles are triple layered, approximately 70 nm in diameter, and possess icosahedral symmetryThe 3′ end of Turnip crinkle virus contains a highly interactive structure including a translational enhancer that is disrupted by binding to the RNAdependent RNA polymerase RNA 15 ,
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Structure of the reovirus virion The doublestranded (ds)RNA viruses represent a diverse group of viruses that vary widely in host range (humans, animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria), genome segment number (one to twelve), and virion organization (Triangulation number, capsid layers, spikes, turrets, etc)The type of genetic material (DNA or RNA) and its structure (single or doublestranded, linear or circular, and segmented or nonsegmented) are used to classify the virus core structures (Table 2)) Table 2 Virus Classification by Capsid StructureClass VI positive single stranded RNA with a DNA intermediate in replication Retrovirus (leukemia, AIDS) Class VII double stranded DNA with an RNA intermediate in replication hepatitis B virus;
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Doublestranded RNA is produced by positivestranded RNA viruses and DNA viruses but not in detectable amounts by negativestranded RNA viruses J Virol 80 ,RNA interference (RNAi) is a genetic regulatory system that functions to silence the activity of specific genes RNAi occurs naturally, through the production of nuclearencoded premicroRNA (premiRNA), and can be induced experimentally, using short segments of synthetic doublestranded RNA (dsRNA)Introduction Fungal viruses (mycoviruses) are widespread in a variety of fungal species Since their first discovery in cultivated mushrooms (Hollings, 1962), many mycoviruses have been found in numerous fungal speciesThey are classified into three groups based on the compositions of their genomes linear doublestranded RNA (dsRNA), linear positive and negativesense singlestranded RNA
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Doublestranded RNA Viruses Structure and Molecular Biology Edited by John T Patton Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD , USA Published January 08 Pages x 374 Hardback ISBN £159, $319 Published by Caister Academic Press wwwcaistercomRNA viruses mutate faster than DNA viruses, singlestranded viruses mutate faster than doublestrand virus, and genome size appears to correlate negatively with mutation rate Viral mutation rates are modulated at different levels, including polymerase fidelity, sequence context, template secondary structure, cellular microenvironmentIn a double stranded RNA form, retroviruses infect a host cell with their genome, and then are reverse transcribed into double stranded DNA, with the DNA then integrated into the home cell genome When integrated into a host genome, a retrovirus is hard to detect and can lay dormant for prolonged periods, having no discernible effect on the host
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ThreeDimensional Structure of a Protozoal DoubleStranded RNA Virus That Infects the Enteric Pathogen Giardia lamblia Mandy E W Janssen, aYuko Takagi,c* Kristin N Parent, * Giovanni Cardone,a Max L Nibert,c Timothy S Bakera,bGiardia lamblia virus (GLV) is a small, nonenveloped, nonsegmented doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) virus infecting Giardia lamblia, the most common protozoan pathogen of the human intestine and a major agent of waterborne diarrheal disease worldwideRotaviruses are double stranded RNA viruses comprising a genus within the family Reoviridae The mature virus particles are triple layered, approximately 70 nm in diameter, and possess icosahedral symmetry The rotavirus genome consists of 11 segments of doublestranded RNA that code for 6 structural viral proteins and 6 nonstructural proteins
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HIV1 is a singlestranded RNA retrovirus that uses reverse transcriptase to create a doublestranded DNA copy of its genome which is integrated into the host human's genome prior to making mRNAs (Group VI) The genome structure system classifies both viruses as singlestranded RNA viruses with linear genomesB Most of the helical viruses are enveloped and all are RNA viruses c An example of a virus with such symmetry includes the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) Structure of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) 1 TMV is a singlestranded RNA virus that infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco It was the first virus to be discovered 2The inner shell (core) about 60 nm The doublestranded RNA genome of the virus is packed tightly inside the core surrounding transcription complexes at the apices of the particle These genome segments maintain their order during transcription
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"NMD also helps us combat viral infections, which is why many viruses either inhibit or evade NMD," she adds "The genome of the virus COVID19 is a positivesense, singlestranded RNA It is well known that other positivesense, singlestranded RNA viruses evade NMD by having RNA structures that prevent NMD from degrading viral RNAs"The viral genome is a single or segmented, circular or linear molecule of nucleic acid functioning as the genetic material of the virus It can be singlestranded or doublestranded DNA or RNA (but almost never both), and codes for the synthesis of viral components and viral enzymes for replication It is also becoming recognized that virusesDouble stranded RNA, also known as dsRNA, usually shows up in viruses and is somewhat unusual In viruses, it is a unique characteristic, and only a small number of viral families exhibit this trait RNA hybridization happens when one RNA strand combines, or hybridizes, with either another RNA strand or a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strand
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